NIOSH skin notation profiles : epichlorohydrin

"This Skin Notation Profile presents (1) brief summary of technical data associated with skin contact with epichlorohydrin and (2) the rationale behind the hazard-specific skin notation (SK) assignment for epichlorohydrin. The SK assignment is based on the scientific rationale and logic outlined in the Current Intelligence Bulletin (CIB) 61: A Strategy for Assigning New NIOSH Skin Notations [NIOSH 2009]. The summarized information and health hazard assessment are limited to an evaluation of the potential health effects of dermal exposure to epichlorohydrin. A literature search was conducted through July 2010 to identify information on epichlorohydrin, including but not limited to data relating to its toxicokinetics, acute toxicity, repeated-dose systemic toxicity, carcinogenicity, biological system/function-specific effects (including reproductive and developmental effects and immunotoxicity), irritation, and sensitization. Information was considered from studies of humans, animals, or appropriate modeling systems that are relevant to assessing the effects of dermal exposure to epichlorohydrin. Epichlorohydrin is potentially capable of causing numerous adverse health effects following skin contact. A critical review of available data has resulted in the following SK assignment for epichlorohydrin: SK: SYS-DIR (COR)-SEN. Table 1 provides an overview of the critical effects and data used to develop the SK assignment for epichlorohydrin." - NIOSHTIC-2Foreword -- Abbreviations -- Glossary -- Acknowledgments -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. General Substance Information -- 1.2. Purpose -- 1.3. Overview of SK Assignment for Epichlorohydrin -- 2. Systemic Toxicity from Skin Exposure (SK: SYS) -- 3. Direct Effects on Skin (SK: DIR) -- 4 Immune-mediated Responses (SK: SEN) -- 5. Summary -- References -- Appendix: Calculation of the SI Ratio for Epichlorohydrin"This document was developed by the Education and Information Division, Paul Schulte, Ph.D., Director. G. Scott Dotson, Ph.D. was the project officer for this document. Other NIOSH personnel, in particular Gregory A. Day, Ph.D., Charles L. Geraci, Ph.D., Thomas J. Lentz, Ph.D., Richard Niemeier, Ph.D., and Anna Shvedova, Ph.D., contributed to its development by providing technical reviews and comments. The basis for this document was a report contracted by NIOSH and prepared by Bernard Gadagbui, Ph.D., and Andrew Maier, Ph.D. (Toxicology Excellence for Risk Assessment [TERA])." -- p. ix"April 2011."Includes bibliographical references (p. 6-8).Also available via the World Wide Web as Acrobat .pdf file (PDF - 687.17 KB, 24 p.)

Indexed dermal bibliography (1995-2007)

"The Indexed Dermal Bibliography (1995-2007) is a tool that directs workers, employers, industrial hygienists, researchers, and policy makers to information resources on occupational skin exposures to chemicals, including health effects surveillance, exposure characterization, hazard identification, risk assessment, and risk control and management. 1.1 Background: More than 13 million workers in the United States are potentially exposed to chemicals at work via the skin. A worker's skin may be exposed to harmful chemicals through direct contact with contaminated surfaces, deposition of aerosols, and immersion in or splashes from liquids. Some chemicals cause contact dermatitis via direct skin contact. Contact dermatitis is one of the more frequently reported occupational illnesses, accounting for 10%.15% of all occupational diseases, at an estimated annual cost in the United States (U.S.) of at least $1 billion. Many chemicals readily pass through the skin (called dermal penetration). Some of these chemicals are then taken up into the blood stream or by skin or immune cells (this is called dermal absorption). Dermal absorption can cause systemic health effects or can contribute to the effects of chemicals absorbed in the lungs by inhalation. Chemicals are often absorbed through the skin without being noticed by the worker. In some cases, the skin is a more significant route of exposure than the respiratory tract. This is particularly true for nonvolatile chemicals that are relatively toxic and that remain on work surfaces for long periods of time. 1.2 Purpose of the Dermal Resource Guide: The Indexed Dermal Bibliography is designed to serve as a resource for information on dermal exposure for those who work in (1) at-risk occupations, (2) positions to investigate or control worker skin exposure to harmful chemicals, and (3) research settings or positions to set policy on dermal exposures. The Indexed Dermal Bibliography provides lists and descriptions of resources by topic for people looking for specific information on dermal exposure anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control. The Indexed Dermal Bibliography is not designed to be an exhaustive listing of materials from the dermal exposure literature, but rather a representative list of available dermal exposure resources. The Indexed Dermal Bibliography contains review articles and summaries of educational information. Individual research studies are not included here. In addition, the accuracy of information presented in the references has not been evaluated. 1.3 Intended Uses and Audiences: The Indexed Dermal Bibliography is designed to provide descriptions of resources available for two different audiences: the general audience and the professional audience. Resources for the general audience are for those who have limited technical background or formal training in identifying and controlling harmful skin exposures. The general audience may include workers, small business employers, supervisors, worksite owners, insurers, and manufacturers of industrial chemicals. Resources for the professional audience are for those who typically use technical information for evaluating, recognizing, and controlling harmful skin exposures. The professional audience may include industrial hygienists, occupational epidemiologists, dermatologists, occupational physicians and nurses, academic researchers, toxicologists, and policy makers. In some cases resources for these two audiences are not mutually exclusive. General audience members are encouraged to look at the professional resources when they are interested in more detailed or technical information. Conversely, professionals looking for background information for training, education, or communication purposes may find relevant information in the resources for the general audience. 1.4 Topics: The Indexed Dermal Bibliography lists resources that address a number of broad topics. The topics differ somewhat between general and professional audiences, but typically address the following: 1. Overview of dermal exposure. 2. Surveillance and clinical aspects of dermal exposures. 3. Dermal exposure characterization. 4. Dermal hazard identification. 5. Dermal exposure risk assessment. 6. Dermal exposure risk management. These topics were specified during a workshop held at the International Conference on Occupational and Environmental Exposure of Skin to Chemicals: Science and Policy, held September 11, 2002 in Crystal City, Virginia." - NIOSHTIC-2Foreword . -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and acronyms -- Definitions -- Quick guide to using the indexed dermal bibliography -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Indexed dermal bibliography development and format -- 3. Resources for the general audience -- 4. Resources for the professional audience -- 5. Overall information availability . -- Appendix A: Full resource citations and summaries"September 2009.""The Indexed Dermal Bibliography was developed in the Education and Information Division (EID), by Paul Schulte, Ph.D., Director; Chen-Peng Chen, Ph.D.;Thomas J. Lentz, Ph.D.; Dawn Tharr; and G. Scott Dotson, Ph.D. from material produced under contract #200-2000-08017 with Westat." -- p. vii"Workers from almost every industrial sector and trade routinely experience dermal exposures to chemicals via contact with contaminated surfaces, deposition of aerosols and vapors, and immersion in or splashes from liquids. Such exposures may result in adverse health consequences ranging from direct effects to the skin (e.g., irritant contact dermatitis and corrosion) to systemic effects (e.g., cancers and neurological effects) and to sensitization (e.g., allergic contact dermatitis). Occupational skin diseases have previously been identified as one of the leading causes of occupational illness within the United States workforce with many of the reported skin disorders being associated with chemical exposures. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is dedicated to controlling and preventing workplace hazards including dermal exposures to chemicals. This document, Indexed Dermal Bibliography (1995-2007), is intended to serve as a resource guide for information on dermal issues within the workplace. The Indexed Dermal Bibliography has been structured to accommodate varying levels of technical background or formal training in identifying and controlling harmful skin exposures. The primary topics covered within the Indexed Dermal Bibliography include: (1) an overview of dermal exposures, (2) hazard identification, (3) exposure characterization, (4) health effects surveillance, (5) risk assessment, and (6) risk control management. This resource guide is not designed to be an exhaustive compilation of materials from the dermal exposure literature, but rather a representative list of available dermal exposure resources. The Indexed Dermal Bibliography contains, for the most part, review articles and an overview of educational information." - p. iiiAlso available via the World Wide Web as an Acrobat .pdf file (2.8 MB, 326 p.).National Instiute for Occupational Safety and Health contract 200-2000-0801

A Strategy for assigning new NIOSH skin notations

"NIOSH skin notations are hazard warnings used worldwide to alert workers and employers to the health risks of skin exposures to chemicals in the workplace. This Current Intelligence Bulletin (CIB) provides the rationale for assigning new NIOSH skin notations. The new system reflects the current state of scientific knowledge and involves critical evaluation of scientific data so that scientists can assign multiple skin notations that distinguish between the systemic, direct, and sensitizing effects of skin exposures to chemicals. This new strategy is a form of hazard identification that advances our understanding of the hazards posed by skin exposures to chemicals. Such improved understanding will enable us to implement better risk management practices and controls for the prevention of workplace skin diseases and other occupational diseases where skin exposure may contribute to disease development." -- NIOSHTIC-21. Introduction. -- 2. Assigning Skin Notations -- Appendix A: Protocols Used in Studies of Health Effects from Skin Exposure and the Determination of Criteria Derived for Assigning Skin Notations -- Appendix B: Algorithm for estimating skin absorption and systemic toxicity and suggested application for assigning SYS notations -- Appendix C: Identifying skin corrosives and sensitizers using physicochemical properties and structure activity relationship-based analysis. -- Appendix D: Selecting and Prioritizing Candidate Chemicals. -- Appendix E: Guidelines and Criteria for the Search Strategy, Evaluation, and Selection of Supporting Data Used for the Assignment of Skin Notations -- Appendix F: Example of Assigning New NIOSH Skin Notations and Format of the Skin Notation Profile -- Appendix G: Supplemental informationDepartment of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health."This document was prepared by the Education and Information Division (EID), Paul Schulte, Ph.D., Director. Heinz W. Alhers, J.D., Chen-Peng Chen, Ph.D., Eugene Demchuk, Ph.D., and G. Scott Dotson, Ph.D. were the principle authors." - p. xvi"July, 2009."Includes bibliographical references (p. 12-14).Also available via the World Wide Web as Acrobat .pdf file (3.6 MB, 80 p.)

NaOH

"This Skin Notation Profile presents (1) a brief summary of technical data associated with skin contact with NaOH and (2) the rationale behind the hazard-specific skin notation (SK) assignment for NaOH. The SK assignment is based on the scientific rationale and logic outlined in the Current Intelligence Bulletin (CIB) 61: A Strategy for Assigning New NIOSH Skin Notations [NIOSH 2009]. The summarized information and health hazard assessment are limited to an evaluation of the potential health effects of dermal exposure to NaOH. A literature search was conducted through July 2010 to identify information on NaOH, including but not limited to data relating to its toxicokinetics, acute toxicity, repeated-dose systemic toxicity, carcinogenicity, biological system/function-specific effects (including reproductive and developmental effects and immunotoxicity), irritation, and sensitization. Information was considered from studies of humans, animals, or appropriate modeling systems that are relevant to assessing the effects of dermal exposure to NaOH. NaOH is potentially capable of acting as a corrosive agent following skin contact. A critical review of available data has resulted in the following SK assignment for NaOH: SK: DIR (COR). Table 1 provides an overview of the critical effects and data used to develop the SK assignment for NaOH."Foreword -- Abbreviations -- Glossary -- Acknowledgments -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. General Substance Information -- 1.2. Purpose -- 1.3. Overview of SK Assignment for NaOH -- 2. Systemic Toxicity from Skin Exposure (SK: SYS) -- 3. Direct Effects on Skin (SK: DIR) -- 4 Immune-mediated Responses (SK: SEN) -- 5. Summary -- References"April 2011.""This document was developed by the Education and Information Division, Paul Schulte, Ph.D., Director. G. Scott Dotson, Ph.D. was the project officer for this docu-ment. Other NIOSH personnel, in particular Fredrick H. Frasch, Ph.D., Charles L. Geraci, Ph.D., Thomas J. Lentz, Ph.D., Richard Niemeier, Ph.D., and Todd Niemeier M.Sc., contrib-uted to its development by providing technical reviews and comments. The basis for this document was a report contracted by NIOSH and prepared by Bernard Gadagbui, Ph.D., and Andrew Maier, Ph.D. (Toxicology Excellence for Risk Assessment [TERA])." - p. ixIncludes bibliographical references (p. 5-7).Also available via the World Wide Web as Acrobat .pdf file (650 KB, 20 p.)

NIOSH skin notation profiles : ethylene glycol dinitrate

"This Skin Notation Profile presents (1) a brief summary of technical data associated with skin contact with ethylene glycol dinitrate (EGDN) and (2) the rationale behind the hazard-specific skin notation (SK) assignment for EGDN. The SK assignment is based on the scientific rationale and logic outlined in the Current Intelligence Bulletin (CIB) 61: A Strategy for Assigning New NIOSH Skin Notations [NIOSH 2009]. The summarized information and health hazard assessment are limited to an evaluation of the potential health effects of dermal exposure to EGDN. A literature search was conducted through July 2010 to identify information on EGDN, including but not limited to data relating to its toxicokinetics, acute toxicity, repeated-dose systemic toxicity, carcinogenicity, biological system/function-specific effects (including reproductive and developmental effects and immunotoxicity), irritation, and sensitization. Information was considered from studies of humans, animals, or appropriate modeling systems that are relevant to assessing the effects of dermal exposure to EGDN. EGDN is potentially capable of causing systemic toxic effects following skin contact. A critical review of available data has resulted in the following SK assignment for EGDN: SK: SYS. Table 1 provides an overview of the critical effects and data used to develop the SK assignment for EGDN." - NIOSHTIC-2Foreword -- Abbreviations -- Glossary -- Acknowledgments -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. General Substance Information -- 1.2. Purpose -- 1.3. Overview of SK Assignment for EGDN -- 2. Systemic Toxicity from Skin Exposure (SK: SYS) -- 3. Direct Effects on Skin (SK: DIR) -- 4 Immune-mediated Responses (SK: SEN) -- 5. Summary -- References -- Appendix: Calculation of the SI Ratio for EGDN"This document was developed by the Education and Information Division, Paul Schulte, Ph.D., Director. G. Scott Dotson, Ph.D., was the project officer for this document. Other NIOSH personnel, in particular Fredrick H. Frasch, Ph.D., Charles L. Geraci, Ph.D., Thomas J. Lentz, Ph.D., and Aaron Sussell, Ph.D., contributed to its development by providing technical reviews and comments. The basis for this document was a report contracted by NIOSH and prepared by Bernard Gadagbui, Ph.D., and Andrew Maier, Ph.D. (Toxicology Excellence for Risk Assessment [TERA]). " -- p. ix"April 2011."Includes bibliographical references (p. 6-7).Also available via the World Wide Web as Acrobat .pdf file (520.57 KB, 24 p.)

Methyl cellosolve [CAS No. 109-86-4]

"This Skin Notation Profile presents (1) a brief summary of technical data associated with skin contact with ME and (2) the rationale behind the hazard-specific skin notation (SK) assignment for ME. The SK assignment is based on the scientific rationale and logic outlined in the Current Intelligence Bulletin (CIB) 61: A Strategy for Assigning New NIOSH Skin Notations [NIOSH 2009]. The summarized information and health hazard assessment are limited to an evaluation of the potential health effects of dermal exposure to ME. A literature search was conducted through July 2010 to identify information on ME, including but not limited to data relating to its toxicokinetics, acute toxicity, repeated- dose systemic toxicity, carcinogenicity, biological system/function-specific effects (including reproductive and developmental effects and immunotoxicity), irritation, and sensitization. Information was considered from studies of humans, animals, or appropriate modeling systems that are relevant to assessing the effects of dermal exposure to ME. Methyl cellosolve is potentially capable of causing multiple adverse health effects following skin contact. A critical review of available data has resulted in the following SK assignment for methyl cellosolve: SK: SYS. Table 1 provides an overview of the critical effects and data used to develop the SK assignment for methyl cellosolve. The following section provides additional details about the potential health hazards of skin contact with methyl cellosolve and the rationale behind the SK assignment." - NIOSHTIC-2Foreword -- Abbreviations -- Glossary -- Acknowledgments -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. General Substance Information -- 1.2. Purpose -- 1.3. Overview of SK Assignment for Methyl Cellosolve -- 2. Systemic Toxicity from Skin Exposure (SK: SYS) -- 3. Direct Effects on Skin (SK: DIR) -- 4 Immune-mediated Responses (SK: SEN) -- 5. Summary -- References -- Appendix: Calculation of the SI ratio for Methyl Cellosolve -- Overview -- Calculation -- Appendix: References"This document was developed by the Education and Information Division, Paul Schulte, Ph.D., Director. G. Scott Dotson, Ph.D. was the project officer for this document. Other NIOSH personnel, in particular Fredrick H. Frasch, Ph.D., Charles L. Geraci, Ph.D., Thomas J. Lentz, Ph.D., Richard Niemeier, Ph.D., and Anna Shvedova, Ph.D., contributed to its development by providing technical reviews and comments. The basis for this document was a report contracted by NIOSH and prepared by Bernard Gadagbui, Ph.D., and Andrew Maier, Ph.D. (Toxicology Excellence for Risk Assessment [TERA])." - p. ix"April 2011."Includes bibliographical references (p. 7-9).Also available via the World Wide Web as Acrobat .pdf file (722 KB, 28 p.)

1,3-D

"This Skin Notation Profile presents (1) a brief summary of technical data associated with skin contact with 1,3-D and (2) the rationale behind the hazard-specific skin notation (SK) assignment for 1,3-D. The SK assignment is based on the scientific rationale and logic outlined in the Current Intelligence Bulletin (CIB) 61: A Strategy for Assigning New NIOSH Skin Notations [NIOSH 2009]. The summarized information and health hazard assessment are limited to an evaluation of the potential health effects of dermal exposure to 1,3-D. A literature search was conducted through July 2010 to identify information on 1,3-D, including but not limited to data relating to its toxicokinetics, acute toxicity, repeated-dose systemic toxicity, carcinogenicity, biological system/function-specific effects (including reproductive and developmental effects and immunotoxicity), irritation, and sensitization. Information was considered from studies of humans, animals, or appropriate modeling systems that are relevant to assessing the effects of dermal exposure to 1,3-D. 1,3-D is potentially capable of causing numerous adverse health effects following skin contact. A critical review of available data has resulted in the following SK assignment for 1,3-D: SK: SYS-DIR (IRR)-SEN. Table 1 provides an overview of the critical effects and data used to develop the SK assignment for 1,3-D. The following section provides additional detail about the potential health hazards of skin contact with 1,3-D and the rationale behind the SK assignment.." -- NIOSHTIC-2Foreword -- Abbreviations -- Glossary -- Acknowledgments -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. General Substance Information -- 1.2. Purpose -- 1.3. Overview of SK Assignment for 1,3-D -- 2. Systemic Toxicity from Skin Exposure (SK: SYS) -- 3. Direct Effects on Skin (SK: DIR) -- 4 Immune-mediated Responses (SK: SEN) -- 5. Summary -- References -- Appendix: Calculation of the SI ratio for 1,3-D -- Overview -- Calculation -- Appendix: References"This document was developed by the Education and Information Division, Paul Schulte, Ph.D., Director. G. Scott Dotson, Ph.D., was the project officer for this document. Other NIOSH personnel, in particular Gregory A. Day, Ph.D.; Charles L. Geraci, Ph.D.; Thomas J. Lentz, Ph.D.; Richard Niemeier, Ph.D.; and Aaron Sussell, Ph.D., contributed to its development by providing technical reviews and comments. The basis for this document was a report contracted by NIOSH and prepared by Bernard Gadag-bui, Ph.D., and Andrew Maier, Ph.D. (Toxicology Excellence for Risk Assessment [TERA])." - p. ix"March 2011."Includes bibliographical references (p. 5-6).Also available via the World Wide Web as Acrobat .pdf file (492.34 kB, 22 p.)

Cumulative trauma disorders in the workplace: bibliography

"This publication provided a compilation of materials describing research conducted by NIOSH on cumulative trauma disorders in the workplace. Selected references, both NIOSH and nonNIOSH, were provided, concentrating on NIOSH activities in preventing work related musculoskeletal disorders, prevention and intervention research at NIOSH for work related musculoskeletal disorders, comments to the Department of Labor on the OSHA proposed rule on ergonomic safety and health management, a manual for musculoskeletal diseases of the upper limbs, a review of physical exercises recommended for video display tube operators, management of upper extremity cumulative trauma disorders, ergonomics and prevention of musculoskeletal injuries, and carpal tunnel syndrome. A bibliography of NIOSH publications on cumulative trauma disorders in the workplace was provided, including numbered publications, testimony, journal articles, grant reports, contract reports, and health hazard evaluations. NonNiosh references were also listed." - NIOSHTIC-2Part I. Selected NIOSH and non-NIOSH References -- A. NIOSH Activities in Preventing Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders -- B. Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders: Prevention and Intervention Research at NIOSH -- C. Comments to DOL on the Occupational Safety and Health Administration Proposed Role on Ergonomic Safety and Health Management - Part 1 -- C. Comments to DOL on the Occupational Safety and Health Administration Proposed Role on Ergonomic Safety and Health Management - Part 2 -- D. Cumulative Trauma Disorders: A Manual for Musculoskeletal Diseases of the Upper Limbs -- E. A Review of Physical Exercises Recommended for VDT Operators ) -- F. Management of Upper Extremity Cumulative Trauma Disorders -- G. Preventing Illness and Injury in the Workplace: Ergonomics and Prevention of Musculoskeletal Injuries -- H. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome -- -- Part II. Cumulative Trauma Disorders in the Workplace - Bibliography -- A. NIOSH Publications Reports -- 1. Numbered Publications -- 2. Testimony -- 3. Journal Articles -- 4. Grant Reports -- 5. Contract Reports -- 6. Health Hazard Evaluations -- -- B. Selected non-NIOSH ReferencesAlso available via the World Wide Web

BE

"This Skin Notation Profile presents (1) a brief summary of technical data associated with skin contact with BE and (2) the rationale behind the hazard-specific skin notation (SK) assignment for BE. The SK assignment is based on the scientific rationale and logic outlined in the Current Intelligence Bulletin (CIB) 61: A Strategy for Assigning New NIOSH Skin Notations [NIOSH 2009]. The summarized information and health hazard assessment are limited to an evaluation of the potential health effects of dermal exposure to BE. A literature search was conducted through July 2010 to identify information on BE, including but not limited to data relating to its toxicokinetics, acute toxicity, repeated-dose systemic toxicity, carcinogenicity, biological system/function-specific effects (including reproductive and developmental effects and immunotoxicity), irritation, and sensitization. Information was considered from studies of humans, animals, or appropriate modeling systems that are relevant to assessing the effects of dermal exposure to BE. BE is potentially capable of causing multiple toxic effects following skin contact. A critical review of available data has resulted in the following SK assignment for BE: SK: SYS-DIR (IRR). Table 1 provides an overview of the critical effects and data used to develop the SK assignment for BE." - NIOSHTIC-2Foreword -- Abbreviations -- Glossary -- Acknowledgments -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. General Substance Information -- 1.2. Purpose -- 1.3. Overview of SK Assignment for BE -- 2. Systemic Toxicity from Skin Exposure (SK: SYS) -- 3. Direct Effects on Skin (SK: DIR) -- 4 Immune-mediated Responses (SK: SEN) -- 5. Summary -- References -- Appendix: Calculation of the SI ratio for BE -- Overview -- Calculation -- Appendix: References"This document was developed by the Education and Information Division, Paul Schulte, Ph.D., Director. G. Scott Dotson, Ph.D. was the project officer for this document. Other NIOSH personnel, in particular Clayton B. Hymer, Ph.D., Charles L. Geraci, Ph.D., Thomas J. Lentz, Ph.D., Richard Niemeier, Ph.D., and Paul Siegel, Ph.D., contributed to its development by providing technical reviews and comments. The basis for this document was a report contracted by NIOSH and prepared by Bernard Gadagbui, Ph.D., and Andrew Maier, Ph.D. (Toxicology Excellence for Risk Assessment [TERA])." - p. ix"April 2011."Includes bibliographical references (p. 7-9).Also available via the World Wide Web as Acrobat .pdf file (729 kB, 28 p.)

Nitroglycerin [CAS No. 55-63-8]

"This Skin Notation Profile presents (1) a brief summary of technical data associated with skin contact with nitroglycerin and (2) the rationale behind the hazard-specific skin notation (SK) assignment for nitroglycerin. The SK assignment is based on the scientific rationale and logic outlined in the Current Intelligence Bulletin (CIB) 61: A Strategy for Assigning New NIOSH Skin Notations [NIOSH 2009]. The summarized information and health hazard assessment are limited to an evaluation of the potential health effects of dermal exposure to nitroglycerin. A literature search was conducted through July 2010 to identify information on nitroglycerin, including but not limited to data relating to its toxicokinetics, acute toxicity, repeated-dose systemic toxicity, carcinogenicity, biological system/function-specific effects (including reproductive and developmental effects and immunotoxicity), irritation, and sensitization. Information was considered from studies of humans, animals, or appropriate modeling systems that are relevant to assessing the effects of dermal exposure to nitroglycerin. Nitroglycerin is potentially capable of causing multiple adverse health effects following skin contact. A critical review of available data has resulted in the following SK assignment for nitroglycerin: SK: SYS (FATAL)-DIR (IRR)-SEN. Table 1 provides an overview of the critical effects and data used to develop the SK assignment for nitroglycerin." - NIOSHTIC-2Foreword -- Abbreviations -- Glossary -- Acknowledgments -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. General Substance Information -- 1.2. Purpose -- 1.3. Overview of SK Assignment for Nitroglycerin -- 2. Systemic Toxicity from Skin Exposure (SK: SYS) -- 3. Direct Effects on Skin (SK: DIR) -- 4 Immune-mediated Responses (SK: SEN) -- 5. Summary -- References -- Appendix: Calculation of the SI ratio for Nitroglycerin -- Overview -- Calculation -- Appendix: References"This document was developed by the Education and Information Division, Paul Schulte, Ph.D., Director. G. Scott Dotson, Ph.D., was the project officer for this document. Other NIOSH personnel, in particular Heinz Ahlers, J.D., Eric Esswein, M.Sc., Charles L. Geraci, Ph.D., Thomas J. Lentz, Ph.D., Richard Niemeier, Ph.D., and Angie Shepherd, contributed to its development by providing technical reviews and comments. The basis for this document was a report contracted by NIOSH and prepared by Bernard Gadagbui, Ph.D., and Andrew Maier, Ph.D. (Toxicology Excellence for Risk Assessment [TERA]). " -- p. ix"April 2011."Includes bibliographical references (p. 7-9).Also available via the World Wide Web as Acrobat .pdf file (693 KB, 28 p..)